The Authority of Deliberation in Government Decision-Making
: An Analysis of Imam Mawardi’s Views in the Book Al Ahkam Sulthaniyah
Authors
Safriadi Safriadi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61842/swq/v4i1.72
Abstract
Consultation (musyawarah) is a fundamental principle in the Islamic system of governance that emphasizes participation and collective responsibility in decision-making. This qualitative study examines the authority of consultation through the perspective of Imam al-Mawardi in his book Al-Ahkam as-Sulthaniyah, using a content analysis approach. Unlike previous studies, which tend to repeat normative explanations of shura, this research focuses on al-Mawardi’s argumentative position and its relevance to contemporary governance. The results of the analysis show that, according to al-Mawardi, consultation is not merely an exchange of opinions but a legally binding mechanism for reaching consensus in state decision-making regarding matters of public interest. Leaders who fail to engage in musyawarah will face severe consequences, such as violating Allah’s command, becoming oppressive rulers, and causing division among the people. In conclusion, al-Mawardi’s intellectual framework offers a highly relevant political framework for institutionalizing the principle of musyawarah to prevent autocracy and strengthen political oversight in modern governance systems.
References
Abduh, Muhammad. Tafsīr al-Manār. Vol. 4. Kairo: al-Manār, 1923.
Abduh, Muhammad, dan Rasyid Riḍā. Tafsīr al-Manār. Kairo: Dār al-Manār, 1947.
Abu Dawud. Sunan Abī Dāwud. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1994.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Musnad Aḥmad. Juz 2. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, t.t.
Al-Baihaqī. Syu’ab al-Īmān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2000.
Al-Bukhārī. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2002.
Al-Ghazālī. Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn. Vol. 2. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1983.
Al-Māwardī. Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyyah wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyyah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 1996.
Al-Munāwī. Fayḍ al-Qadīr. Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1972.
Al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf. Min Fiqh al-Dawlah fī al-Islām. Kairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1997.
Al-Qurṭubī. Al-Jāmi’ li Aḥkām al-Qur’ān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2006.
An-Nawawī. Syarḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1996.
Ar-Rāzī, Fakhruddīn. Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1999.
Ashidiq, Rasyid, dan Siti Ngainnur Rohmah. “Implementasi Konsep Syura Pada Lembaga Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 10, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v10i2.31970.
At-Ṭabarī. Jāmi’ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl Āy al-Qur’ān. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risālah, 2000.
At-Tirmiżī. Sunan al-Tirmiżī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1998.
Az-Zuḥailī, Wahbah. Tafsīr al-Munīr. Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, 2009.
Ibn Hishām. Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah. Vol. 2. Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1990.
Ibn Kathīr. Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-’Aẓīm. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 1998.
Ibn Khaldūn. Al-Muqaddimah. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2004.
Ibn Taymiyyah. Al-Siyāsah al-Syar’iyyah fī Iṣlāḥ al-Rā’ī wa al-Ra’iyyah. Riyadh: Dār al-’Āṣimah, 1998.
Jalil, Husni A., Hikmawati Meuraxa, dan Hasanuddin Yusuf Adan. “Konsep Syūrā Menurut Yūsuf Al-Qaraḍāwī dan Relevansinya dengan Sistem Demokrasi Pancasila di Indonesia.” As-Siyadah: Jurnal Politik dan Hukum Tata Negara 1, no. 1 (2022): 96–114. https://doi.org/10.22373/as-siyadah.v1i1.2102.
Kuswiyanto, dan Achmad Abu Bakar. “Musyawarah dalam Islam: Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Ilahiyah di Kehidupan Modern.” Jurnal Al-Mubarak: Jurnal Kajian Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir 10, no. 1 (2025): 28–48. https://doi.org/10.47435/al-mubarak.v10i1.3329.
Muslim. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1996.
Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed An-. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari’a. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Qutb, Sayyid. Fī Ẓilāl al-Qur’ān. Kairo: Dār al-Syurūq, 2003.
Riḍā, Rasyid. Al-Khilāfah aw al-Imāmah al-’Uẓmā. Kairo: al-Manār, 1923.
Shihab, M. Quraish. Tafsir Al-Mishbah: Pesan, Kesan, dan Keserasian Al-Qur’an. Jakarta: Lentera Hati, 2002.
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Safriadi Safriadi, Munawar Khalil, & Chalidin Chalidin. (2026). The Authority of Deliberation in Government Decision-Making: An Analysis of Imam Mawardi’s Views in the Book Al Ahkam Sulthaniyah . Siyasah Wa Qanuniyah : Jurnal Ilmiah Ma’had Aly Raudhatul Ma’arif, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.61842/swq/v4i1.72
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Copyright (c) 2026 Safriadi Safriadi, Munawar Khalil, Chalidin Chalidin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are accessible to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so reasonably but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits
Authors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61842/swq/v4i1.72Abstract
Consultation (musyawarah) is a fundamental principle in the Islamic system of governance that emphasizes participation and collective responsibility in decision-making. This qualitative study examines the authority of consultation through the perspective of Imam al-Mawardi in his book Al-Ahkam as-Sulthaniyah, using a content analysis approach. Unlike previous studies, which tend to repeat normative explanations of shura, this research focuses on al-Mawardi’s argumentative position and its relevance to contemporary governance. The results of the analysis show that, according to al-Mawardi, consultation is not merely an exchange of opinions but a legally binding mechanism for reaching consensus in state decision-making regarding matters of public interest. Leaders who fail to engage in musyawarah will face severe consequences, such as violating Allah’s command, becoming oppressive rulers, and causing division among the people. In conclusion, al-Mawardi’s intellectual framework offers a highly relevant political framework for institutionalizing the principle of musyawarah to prevent autocracy and strengthen political oversight in modern governance systems.
References
Abduh, Muhammad. Tafsīr al-Manār. Vol. 4. Kairo: al-Manār, 1923.
Abduh, Muhammad, dan Rasyid Riḍā. Tafsīr al-Manār. Kairo: Dār al-Manār, 1947.
Abu Dawud. Sunan Abī Dāwud. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1994.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Musnad Aḥmad. Juz 2. Beirut: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, t.t.
Al-Baihaqī. Syu’ab al-Īmān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2000.
Al-Bukhārī. Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 2002.
Al-Ghazālī. Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn. Vol. 2. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1983.
Al-Māwardī. Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyyah wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyyah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 1996.
Al-Munāwī. Fayḍ al-Qadīr. Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1972.
Al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf. Min Fiqh al-Dawlah fī al-Islām. Kairo: Maktabah Wahbah, 1997.
Al-Qurṭubī. Al-Jāmi’ li Aḥkām al-Qur’ān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2006.
An-Nawawī. Syarḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1996.
Ar-Rāzī, Fakhruddīn. Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1999.
Ashidiq, Rasyid, dan Siti Ngainnur Rohmah. “Implementasi Konsep Syura Pada Lembaga Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Indonesia.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 10, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v10i2.31970.
At-Ṭabarī. Jāmi’ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl Āy al-Qur’ān. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Risālah, 2000.
At-Tirmiżī. Sunan al-Tirmiżī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1998.
Az-Zuḥailī, Wahbah. Tafsīr al-Munīr. Damaskus: Dār al-Fikr, 2009.
Ibn Hishām. Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah. Vol. 2. Beirut: Dār al-Ma’rifah, 1990.
Ibn Kathīr. Tafsīr al-Qur’ān al-’Aẓīm. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 1998.
Ibn Khaldūn. Al-Muqaddimah. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2004.
Ibn Taymiyyah. Al-Siyāsah al-Syar’iyyah fī Iṣlāḥ al-Rā’ī wa al-Ra’iyyah. Riyadh: Dār al-’Āṣimah, 1998.
Jalil, Husni A., Hikmawati Meuraxa, dan Hasanuddin Yusuf Adan. “Konsep Syūrā Menurut Yūsuf Al-Qaraḍāwī dan Relevansinya dengan Sistem Demokrasi Pancasila di Indonesia.” As-Siyadah: Jurnal Politik dan Hukum Tata Negara 1, no. 1 (2022): 96–114. https://doi.org/10.22373/as-siyadah.v1i1.2102.
Kuswiyanto, dan Achmad Abu Bakar. “Musyawarah dalam Islam: Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Ilahiyah di Kehidupan Modern.” Jurnal Al-Mubarak: Jurnal Kajian Al-Qur’an dan Tafsir 10, no. 1 (2025): 28–48. https://doi.org/10.47435/al-mubarak.v10i1.3329.
Muslim. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1996.
Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed An-. Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari’a. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
Qutb, Sayyid. Fī Ẓilāl al-Qur’ān. Kairo: Dār al-Syurūq, 2003.
Riḍā, Rasyid. Al-Khilāfah aw al-Imāmah al-’Uẓmā. Kairo: al-Manār, 1923.
Shihab, M. Quraish. Tafsir Al-Mishbah: Pesan, Kesan, dan Keserasian Al-Qur’an. Jakarta: Lentera Hati, 2002.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Safriadi Safriadi, Munawar Khalil, Chalidin Chalidin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are accessible to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so reasonably but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits
